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People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) ((ペルシア語:حزب دموکراتيک خلق افغانستان), ''Hezb-e dimūkrātĩk-e khalq-e Afghānistān'', (パシュトー語:د افغانستان د خلق دموکراټیک ګوند), ''Da Afghanistān da khalq dimukrātīk gund'') was a socialist party established on 1 January 1965. While a minority, the party helped former prime minister of Afghanistan, Mohammed Daoud Khan, to overthrow his cousin, Mohammed Zahir Shah, and established the Republic of Afghanistan. Daoud would eventually become a strong opponent of the party, firing PDPA politicians from high-ranking jobs in the government. This would lead to uneasy relations with the Soviet Union.
In 1978 the PDPA, with help from the Afghan National Army, seized power from Daoud in what is known as the Saur Revolution. Before the civilian government was established, Afghan National Army Air Corps colonel Abdul Qadir was the official ruler of Afghanistan for three days, starting from 27 April 1978. Qadir was eventually replaced by Nur Muhammad Taraki. After the Saur Revolution, the PDPA established the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan which would last until 1987. After National Reconciliation talks in 1987 the official name of the country was reverted to ''Republic of Afghanistan'' (as it was known prior to the PDPA coup of 1978). The republic lasted until 1992 under the leadership of Najibullah and acting president for the last twelve days, Abdul Rahim Hatef.
==Formation and early political activities==
(詳細はNur Mohammad Taraki started his political career as an Afghan journalist. On 1 January 1965, Taraki with Babrak Karmal established the Democratic People's Party of Afghanistan, while at the beginning the party was running under the name ''People's Democratic Tendency'', since at the time secularist and anti-monarchist parties were illegal. The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) was officially formed at the unity congress of the different factions of the Socialist Party of Afghanistan on January 1, 1965.〔(First Congress of the PDPA )〕 Twenty-seven men gathered at Taraki's house in Kabul, elected Taraki as the first party Secretary General and Karmal as Deputy Secretary General, and chose a five-member Central Committee (also called a Politburo). Taraki was later invited to Moscow by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's International Department later that year.
The PDPA was known in Afghan society at that time as having strong ties with the Soviet Union. Eventually the PDPA was able to get three of its members into parliament, in the first free elections in Afghan history; these three parliamentarians were Karmal, Anahita Ratebzad, Nur Ahmad Nur. Later on, Taraki established the first radical newspaper in Afghan history under the name ''The Khalq'', the newspaper was eventually forced to stop publishing by the government in 1966.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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